Delegation of Tasks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment of Tasks - Essay Example This won't just lessening the outstanding task at hand on a specific individual, yet additionally help create dynamic capacities and an increasingly dependable viewpoint, among one's group of subordinates. Assigning remaining burdens is a prime power that accompanies position. At the point when one delegates a specific undertaking, one needs to remember, the limit of your subordinate who might be designating the errand alloted by you. Dissecting whether he can do equity to the bit of work, will help dodge remaining task at hand bungle. Likewise, an away from of correspondence must win, since your subordinates need to understand what precisely you expect out of them and how the specific undertaking should be taken care of. A blend of capacity and correspondence changes appointment of work into a simple undertaking. Here is an examination on what could be the shifted models, essentials and rules one needs to remember, before designating assignments: It is nevertheless clear that one needs to share power over the errands appointed, with the subordinate alloted to play out the undertakings. One may feel unreliable about one's power getting weakened or stressed if the undertaking assigned will be finished as impeccably as one would manage it. In such cases, one needs to guarantee that one illuminates every single step one would receive, in finishing the assignment, to one's subordinate. Thusly, they would use a similar information in future undertakings. You can at present hold your hold by overseeing their work forms at ordinary stages. Providing food Information: Appointment converts into implying that one trusts one's subordinate to settle on viable use of his dynamic capacities. It means that their dynamic capacities must be of a prevalent quality and in this way, access to data is the key here. Just verifiable, blunder without a worry in the world data can help legitimate dynamic. This data can be as relational trades, organization data or even data acquired from the PC and the web. Along these lines, correspondence isn't jumped and undertakings are done with equivalent administrative aptitude. Realistic Approach: As a representative possessing a definitive position, one needs to understand that not all workers at fluctuated levels have a similar degree of information or so far as that is concerned, the specialized skill. You have to clarify how precisely a specific technique should be followed, alongside the point by point clarification of the means. Along these lines, there will be no miscommunication or miscomprehension. In this manner, offering leeway for those with absence of information about your own specializations or work forms is fundamental to raise the certainty levels of those engaged with doing your assignments. Association: As the appointing authority, one will in general get excessively associated with the venture you delegate and in this manner, show up promptly

Personal Observation of My Nephew essays

Individual Observation of My Nephew papers At the point when we were kids we had it so harsh. Regular, we needed to get up ahead of schedule, go to class and learn new data that would help us through life. Once in a while after school we would return home and start our schoolwork or sit in front of the TV or even play with companions until our folks or watchmen fixed us supper. Indeed our lives were so extreme. In spite of the fact that I was unable to watch my nephew during school and childcare hours I watched him when he returned home from day care. My nephew is seven years of age and in the main evaluation. He his exceptionally tall and thin - it runs in the family. He is laid back and despite the fact that he has a younger sibling, he stills appreciates playing without anyone else. He is a recluse. He has his minutes when he cherishes being outside, at that point he has minutes when he gets a kick out of the chance to be inside. Truly, he is ruined and that is on the grounds that he is the primary grandson. His character comprised of us all enclosed by his body. Ordinarily, my nephew returns home around 4:00-4:30 pm when the day care van drops him off home. He commonly gets his work done when he goes to childcare so when he gets home he can unwind. At the point when he returns home we get some information about his day at school and what he realized. He reacts with great; he doesn't say much regarding what he realized. So then he removes his school uniform. Where we are from the kids need to wear uniform - normally dark, blue, or khaki jeans or shorts with a polo shirt which is the school hues. On this day my nephew wore his khaki shorts and a dark polo shirt and dark Nike's. He changed in to a white tee shirt and blue balling shorts. After he changed garments he went into the lounge room and gained he remote power. He changes the station to Disney which had Phineas and Ferb playing. I think he cherishes this show in light of the fact that these young men is continually accomplishing something and never get captured by their folks. While that show was on business he went to his toy twist and got out o of his toy vehicles. He played with the vehicle during the commer... <!

Project-based Learning What It Is and How It Benefits Students

Project-based Learning What It Is and How It Benefits Students (11) Project-based learning has proven to be one of the most effective ways to engage students and provide a practical application for what they’re learning.  Rachelle Dene Poth shares her insights into what project-based learning looks like, and how it helps students master key skills as they complete each project. Read on for some tips and helpful information! Project-based learning (PBL) is something that I have been trying to integrate into my classes more over the past few years. I started thinking about alternate ways to enable students to: produce authentic assessments, create and study something that was interesting and engaging for them, and provide some real-world learning experiences. Project-based learning not only provides opportunities for students to collaborate or drive their own learning, but it also teaches them skills such as problem solving, and helps to develop additional skills integral to their future, such as critical thinking and time management. And maybe more importantly, it provides students with an opportunity to create authentic projects which are personal and meaningful to them. Students have the chance to pursue their own interests and as a result, opportunities for learning for students and teachers are tremendous. SUPPORTING ALL STUDENTS As a foreign language teacher, I need to assess my students in a variety of ways on a regular basis. As we all know, not every person learns the same way or has the same interests. In terms of assessment, some students can learn the material really well, but when a traditional test is given, their information and knowledge somehow disappears. When this first happened in my classes, I began looking more at ways to assess my studentsâ€"but to provide assessments which led to more authentic and personalized work. I wanted to provide an equal opportunity for students to achieve success in showing what they know (and can do) with the information that they have learned. A great way to do this is through project-based learning. There are an increasing number of tools available for use in the classroom that enable students to have a choice and be creative, while also learning valuable technology skills for their future. These tools give students options for showing what it is they have learned and can do with the material, but in a way that is comfortable and relevant and meets their interests and needs. Most importantly, the students have choices and this makes a huge difference. BENEFITS OF USING DIGITAL TOOLS FOR PBL The options provide students with a variety of choices for showing their creativity, make learning more meaningful, and students become more engaged in what they are doing. Students can focus on an area of personal interest and decide how to show what they have learned and can do, in a way that is meaningful and engaging. Many tools are available, both on the web and as apps, that serve to engage, motivate, and inspire students to learn more. The benefit of using web tools for PBL is twofold. First, students can create something vibrant, engaging, and meaningful because they have chosen their area of interest, put their personal touches on it and, as a result, attach the content material with what they have created. They then retain the information better because they have created something for a real world experience. It also teaches them the vital technology skills that they need moving forward, and gives them skills that can be used in other classes, and for their future. Learning to create multimedia presentations, to problem solve, think critically, quickly access resources, and communicate with others helps to empower students, and give them more control in their learning and growth process. We want to empower our students in their learning. PAPER OR DIGITAL, PBL BENEFITS EVERYONE There are many options available for implementing and producing evidence of project-based learning, whether it be in the traditional paper format style or through technology. Either way, giving students the opportunity to create a project to evidence their learning is beneficial. It not only leads to authentic products and meets the students where they are, but also gives them an opportunity to express themselves in unique ways, because it is more personalized and pertinent to their needs and interests. PBL leads to a more student-centered classroom and provides opportunities for students to learn from one another. It also enables the teacher to become more of a facilitator, and in addition to learning about the students, it reinforces the student-centered classroom, where students are empowered in their learning.

Discuss the motivation for international strategic alliances - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2521 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Discuss the motivation for international strategic alliances ABSTRACT: To establish traditional international business in the market, businessmen do apply different strategies and one of the most common and emerging strategies that are being used now is the international strategic alliance. To study the motivation of international strategic alliance, it has been made to systematically define the term motive. This paper argues those studies of motivation of international strategic alliance, their advantages and disadvantages and how they are becoming beneficial in the global market place. This paper is an initial step to understand the definition of motivation in terms of the international strategic alliance by using the firms that have used this strategy. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss the motivation for international strategic alliances" essay for you Create order INTRODUCTION: An alliance can be defined as a business to business collaboration. In an alliance two or more companies agree to work together to achieve a common goal while not losing their individuality. Strategic alliance helps the both parties to gain the complementary strengths. Companies form alliances for joint marketing, joint sales or distribution, joint production, design collaboration, technology licensing and research and development. Strategic alliances have different forms, Contractual (non-equity- based) alliances (Alliances which are based on contracts and which do not involve the sharing of equity), Equity-based alliances (Strategic alliances which involves the use of equity), Cross-shareholding (Both partners invest in each other). ( Peng Mike W. Global Strategic Management, Second Edition, page 219) One form of Equity-based strategic alliances is the joint venture. The formation of the alliance is rich and fragmented. One of the main reasons behind the collaboration is to gain the competitive advantages. According to Williamson Intermediate asset specificity and low uncertainty are conditions that may lead to a preference for hybrid forms of governance structure over both arms length transactions and internalization (Williamson, 1991). Increasing the strategic alliances is one of the fastest trends in the business today and it is becoming an essential driver to grow for every industry. One of the main goals to form a relationship with other companies is strategic alliance where they combine the skills and expertise of the both companies and gain the cooperative venture. Then they enter the international market and share their costs. MOTIVATION for STRATEGIC ALLIANCES in the INTERNATIONAL MARKET PLACE The growing international marketing is becoming the norm in this time and these partnerships are leveraging the growth through alliances with international partners, where the both companies merge and gain the competitive advantage. They do it by licensing agreements, cross shareholder deals, cooperative arrangement and joint ventures. Rather than taking risks and wasting their time and investing a huge amount on of money for gaining this competitive advantage in business, they are entering the international markets by finding an appropriate alliance which is operating in the same market in another country. So they enter the market that they desire to enter and the main reason behind this is to share the knowledge, skills and expertise and also to gain the marketing advantage in the world. And its becoming another strategy to defeat the monopoly business in the global business within fraction of time, for example collaboration of Sony and Ericson. In the view of traditional industry, firms are independent and emphasize on maximizing their own performance. As competition in the market shrinks the profits of firms, they do not rival always against one another. For instance, in 1983 Toyota and GM establish a horizontal alliance on a limited basis to accomplish different targets of manufacturing small cars in the US. The intention of Toyota was to gain knowledge of running business in the American market. On the other hand, Gms objective was to learn manufacturing small cars profitably. Sometimes high entry barriers discourage individual companies. In that circumstance companies can build strategic alliances and networks to level this fence. Firms convert the relationship with suppliers to a mutual assistance and knowledge sharing, previously which was based on hard-bargaining. This liaison is known as upstream vertical alliance. In this case companies do not consider suppliers as threats. In the same way, now, downstream vertical alliances can bind the central firms, buyers and distributors together rather than treating them as possible threats. The market potential pushes the firms on alternative products to establish strategic alliance and networks to materialize the commercial prospective of new products. According to Resource-based consideration firms can get benefited from the alliance through value creation. First, alliances may reduce costs, risks and uncertainties. Second, Alliances allow firms to tap complementary assets of partners. Third, alliances facilitate opportunities to learn from partners. Finally, real option an option is the right, but not obligation, to take some action in the future. Real option gives the opportunity to the firms when they are not sure whether they will do acquisition or merge. The companies just need to pay a tiny portion of their assets (known as deposit). Through this temporary alliance they will judge its future profitability. If they are not satisfied, they can easily leave. There is no obligation to go on with this alliance or take further actions. Institutional based consideration includes two categories Formal Institutional based consideration and Informal Institutional based consideration. According to Peng Strategic alliances and networks function within formal regulatory and legal frameworks. In some countries, Governments impose restriction on Whole Owned Subsidiaries. In that circumstance international firms have only one option, which is, to make an alliance with a local firm in order to enter that market. Peng says Informal institutions centre on collective norms supported by a normative and cognitive pillar. When a firm decides to move on its own, it faces pressures and criticisms from peer, analysts, investors, and the media. In that situation firms make collaboration with other firms to enhance or protect its image in the market place. The firms do choose the target market they want to enter. After choosing the target market they come up with a strategic plan which will suit in the international market. They use all resources of both companies to exploit the existing resources and explore the new opportunities; the main concern for this exploitation is to increase the productivity and efficiency using the current employed capital and assets thought standards. When the both companies are big in size their integration level is also high which, vise versa, makes the higher level the degree of control. The difference between the integration and degree of control is making motivation for forming this strategic alliance. The ADVANTAGES of STRATEGIC ALLIANCE Many start-up companies do focus on emerging into the market and gaining a competitive advantage in the international market to beat the monopoly business around the world for the same products and nowadays it is becoming the most useful strategy to gain this competitive advantage. By which a firm can enter the target market faster and with less risk on the investment. Businesses use strategic alliances to: scope and speed the business process achieve advantages of scale in international market increase market penetration among other companies increase the competitiveness in domestic and global markets enhance product development by sharing the skills, knowledge, technology develop new business opportunities through new products and services and make it more competitive in the world market expand market development fast increase exports diversify create new businesses gain completive advantage in cost diversification into new markets improve cash flow Ability to move quickly The motivation of forming the international strategy varies from one country to another country. The main focuses of the join venture of the companies are to represent the companies in the various countries. But as the days passed the definition has changed because of the activities which became more prevalent. Because the international market the alliance can impart to the company in a relative advantage in size or by the size which makes the process to go faster or in other words it provides compliments to the areas which they are lacking. The motive behind increasing the international strategic alliance is not only gaining profit. The other factor which motive them are the competition among the competitors the fast changing market place industry convergence For an example an alliance between Sony (which is Japanese company, it was an electronic consumer company) Ericson (a Swedish telecommunication company) both giant companies planned to get an advantage in production and development which will prove their marketing skills. So once the joint venture is done with a legal manner it is similar in nature to a partial acquisition in consideration for shares. Because this combination has created the transaction, combining the relative advantages of both parties and ties their future together. They stopped making their own phones. They started to share their expertise and they have a research development teams in United States, Sweden, China, Japan, India, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The both companies were profitable on the first year but they had to face huge loss because of lack of investment and strategic plan. Once they have injected the money into their joint venture and came up with new idea which was to launch the built-in-digit al camera and with high features they started to enter to the market back but it still were a huge loses for them. So having the same strategic plan this joint venture did not work. They were struggling for the first three years. But walkman phones made them successful and made the 4th position in the world again. So here it proves that the giant companies do merge to gain competitive advantage but it is not always threat to the other companies which are already leading. It totally depends on the strategy they follow and implement. The DISADVANTAGES of STRATEGIC ALLAINCE Alliances are risky in term of cost, the reason is not due to cash being involved with another company and its not being in the companys hands, but it is due to returns from which they will get. First of all the company is to go throw the join venture which involves the investment. When a proper set of contracts, various transfer prices and incentive schemes from the partners to the joint alliance resolve most conflicts, most of the joint venture manages to entirely avoid conflicts between its respective parties. Managing the managerial position of both companies and resolving the possible conflict from the both parties due to the location and other factors of international market, Financial blocking is one of the major disadvantages in the international strategic alliance. Because most of the companies do not want to disclose their financing operations. For example, an alliance with SonyEricsson in the area of cellular communications could reduce the likelihood of contracts with Nokia, thereby putting the company at risk that if Ericsson is weakened, so will be all the companies that depend upon it. Alliance between competitors can be risky. Firms can access to the information, technology, business strategy, and database of each other. Therefore they acquire the knowledge of another company. One firm can plan to excel other firm by achieving the knowledge and skills of other firms business tricks. And then it can drop the other firm and may use the strategy against this firm. Strategic partners are often led by the company which is stronger in the international market. But they should come up with something unique by merging the both companies rather than starting from a start-up. But this strategy dose actually work with the every company depending on the market and company, like SonyEricsson came up with mobile when they merge but it was a huge loss in the market . They started losing their shares rather then gaining it. And it affected the job market. So they later on came up with cyber shoot which was the turning point of their company and also the walking walkman, which was different product then they used to launch. Because their main focus was to make competitive cell phone. But by the cyber shoot they have entered the market and now they are one of the giant companies with 4th position rank in the world. Sharing profits is another disadvantage. The revenue is being divided and goes to different country which does not help the country to boom up. But it dose have a great impact on it The decision is to be made by the both parties so there are always barriers for future financing opportunities. The distraction is the main disadvantage. The top level management is to take decision on behave of the both countries so they are to keep all the time in mind thinking about their own country when ever they are making decision. The both parties do not think alike because of the distraction that they are around by the competitors. As two or more companies are joint in this alliance, the decision is to be taken jointly so there is always a headache from the other partner. Because of the way they want take the company may not agree. To keep this mutual decision, the companies are to go through all this unexpected disappointments. Conclusion: The strategic alliance is one of the most implemented strategies in the global competitive market. And it is one of the mostly common used strategies which have an effect in the market to boom up the economy of a country. It has created the bond between the geographical territories. Where they can share their competitive advantages and bring out new polices and products for the consumers and increase the job market in this world. The advantages for this alliance is more then the disadvantages. So people are coming up of new policies where they can hide the disadvantages compared to the advantage. According to Pekar and Margulis The fundamental purpose of an alliance is to facilitate collaboration and varying degrees of integration between companies without necessitating a merger or an acquisition, though it can often lead to a merger or acquisition. Bibliography Hill, Charles (2005), International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace Peng Mike W. Global Strategic Management, Second Edition, (page 216-240) https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jomstd/v33y1996i3p301-332.html https://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/operating/leadership/strategicalliances.html https://www.corporate-partnering.com/info/strategic-alliances-advantages-and-disadvantages.htm https://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlehdAction=lnkhtmlcontentId=1515040 www.faqs.org/abstracts/Business-general/Strategic-motives-for-international-alliance-formation-The-limits-of-employee-involvement-profit-sha.html https://www.lotsofessays.com/essay_search/Conclusion_Strategic.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6VGK-4MBBYN6-1_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1123950549_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=52af2b0a1c7e40ab036d752257b46fc1 https://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/operating/leadership/strategicalliances.html illiamson, O.E. 1991. Strategizing, economizing, and economic organization. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue, 12: 75-94 Peng Mike WGlobal Strategic Management, Second Edition, page 213 Peng Mike W Global Strategic Management, Second Edition, page 227 Pekar Peter Jr. and. Margulis Marc S, Equity alliances take center stage: The emergence of a new corporate growth model, IVEY MANAGEMENT SERVICES May/June 2003

The Country of Jordan - Facts and History

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a stable oasis in the Middle East, and its government often plays the role of mediator between neighboring countries and factions.  Jordan came into being in the 20th century as part of the French and British division of the Arabian Peninsula; Jordan became a British Mandate under the UNs approval until 1946, when it became independent. Capital and Major Cities Capital:  Amman, population 2.5 million Major cities: Az Zarqa, 1.65 million Irbid, 650,000 Ar Ramtha, 120,000 Al Karak, 109,000 Government The Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy under the rule of King Abdullah II.  He serves as the chief executive and the commander-in-chief of Jordans armed forces.  The king also appoints all 60 members of one of the two houses of Parliament, the Majlis al-Aayan or Assembly of Notables. The other house of Parliament, the Majlis al-Nuwaab or Chamber of Deputies, has 120 members who are directly elected by the people.  Jordan has a multi-party system, although the majority of politicians run as independents.  By law, political parties can not be based on religion. Jordans court system is independent of the king, and includes a supreme court called the Court of Cassation, as well as several Courts of Appeal.  The lower courts are divided by the types of cases they hear into civil and sharia courts.  Civil courts decide criminal matters as well as some types of civil cases, including those that involve parties from different religions.  Sharia courts have jurisdiction over Muslim citizens only and hear cases involving marriage, divorce, inheritance, and charitable giving (waqf). Population The population of Jordan is estimated at 6.5 million as of 2012.  As a relatively stable part of a chaotic region, Jordan plays host to enormous numbers of refugees, as well.  Almost 2 million Palestinian refugees live in Jordan, many since 1948, and more than 300,000 of them still live in refugee camps.  They have been joined by some 15,000 Lebanese, 700,000 Iraqis, and most recently, 500,000 Syrians. About 98% of Jordanians are Arabs, with small populations of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds making up the remaining 2%.  Approximately 83% of the population lives in urban areas.  The population growth rate is a very modest 0.14% as of 2013. Languages Jordans official language is Arabic.  English is the most commonly used second language  and is widely spoken by middle and upper-class Jordanians. Religion Approximately 92% of Jordanians are Sunni Muslim, and Islam is the official religion of Jordan.  This number has rapidly increased over recent decades, as Christians formed 30% of the population as recently as 1950.  Today, just 6% of Jordanians are Christians - mostly Greek Orthodox, with smaller communities from other Orthodox churches.  The remaining 2% of the population are mostly Bahai or Druze. Geography Jordan has a total area of 89,342 square kilometers (34,495 square miles)  and is not quite landlocked.  Its only port city is Aqaba, situated on the narrow Gulf of Aqaba, which empties into the Red Sea.  Jordans coastline stretches just 26 kilometers, or 16 miles. To the south and east, Jordan borders on Saudi Arabia.  To the west is Israel and the Palestinian West Bank.  On the northern border sits Syria, while to the east is Iraq. Eastern Jordan is characterized by desert terrain, dotted with oases.  The western highland area is more suitable for agriculture  and boasts a Mediterranean climate and evergreen forests.   The highest point in Jordan is Jabal Umm al Dami, at 1,854 meters (6,083 feet) above sea level.  The lowest is the Dead Sea, at -420 meters (-1,378 feet). Climate The climate shades from Mediterranean to desert moving west to east across Jordan.  In the northwest, an average of about 500 mm (20 inches) or rain falls per year, while in the east the average is just 120 mm (4.7 inches).  Most of the precipitation falls between November and April  and may include snow at higher elevations. The highest recorded temperature in Amman, Jordan was 41.7 degrees Celsius (107 Fahrenheit).  The lowest was -5 degrees Celsius (23 Fahrenheit). Economy The World Bank labels Jordan an upper middle-income country, and its economy has grown slowly but steadily at about 2 to 4% per year over the past decade.  The kingdom has a small, struggling agricultural and industrial base, due in large part to its shortages of fresh water and oil.   Jordans per capita income is $6,100 US.  Its official unemployment rate is 12.5%, although the youth unemployment rate is closer to 30%.  Approximately 14% of Jordanians live below the poverty line. The government employs up to two-thirds of the Jordanian workforce, although King Abdullah has moved to privatize industry.  About 77% of Jordans workers are employed in the service sector, including trade and finance, transportation, public utilities, etc.  Tourism at sites such as the famous city of Petra accounts for about 12% of Jordans gross domestic product. Jordan hopes to improve its economic situation in coming years by bring four nuclear power plants on-line, which will reduce expensive diesel imports from Saudi Arabia, and by beginning to exploit its oil-shale reserves.  In the meanwhile, it relies on foreign aid. Jordans currency is the dinar, which has an exchange rate of 1 dinar 1.41 USD. History Archaeological evidence shows that humans have lived in what is now Jordan for at least 90,000 years.  This evidence includes Paleolithic tools such as knives, hand-axes, and scrapers made of flint and basalt. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent, one of the world regions were agriculture likely originated during the Neolithic period (8,500 - 4,500 BCE).  People in the area likely domesticated grains, peas, lentils, goats, and later cats to protect their stored food from rodents.   Jordans written history begins in Biblical times, with the kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom, which are mentioned in the Old Testament.  The Roman Empire conquered much of what is now Jordan, even taking in 103 CE the powerful trading kingdom of the Nabateans, whose capital was the intricately carved city of Petra. After the Prophet Muhammad died, the first Muslim dynasty created the Umayyad Empire (661 - 750 CE), which included what is now Jordan.  Amman became a major provincial city in the Umayyad region called Al-Urdun, or Jordan.  When the Abbasid Empire (750 - 1258) moved its capital away from Damascus to Baghdad, to be closer to the center of their expanding empire, Jordan fell into obscurity. The Mongols brought down the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258, and Jordan came under their rule.  They were followed by the Crusaders, the Ayyubids, and the Mamluks in turn.  In 1517, Ottoman Empire conquered what is now Jordan. Under Ottoman rule, Jordan enjoyed benign neglect.  Functionally, local Arab governors ruled the region with little interference from Istanbul.  This continued for four centuries  until the Ottoman Empire fell in 1922 after its defeat in World War I.   When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, the League of Nations assumed a mandate over its Middle Eastern territories.  Britain and France agreed to divide up the region, as the mandatory powers, with France taking Syria and Lebanon, and Britain taking Palestine (which included Transjordan).  In 1922, Britain assigned a Hashemite lord, Abdullah I, to govern Transjordan; his brother Faisal was appointed king of Syria, and later was moved to Iraq.   King Abdullah acquired a country with only about 200,000 citizens, approximately half of them nomadic.  On May 22, 1946, the United Nations abolished the mandate for Transjordan and it became a sovereign state.  Transjordan officially opposed the partition of Palestine and creation of Israel two years later, and joined in the 1948 Arab/Israeli War.  Israel prevailed, and the first of several floods of Palestinian refugees moved into Jordan. In 1950, Jordan annexed the West Bank and East Jerusalem, a move that most other nations refused to recognize.  The following year, a Palestinian assassin killed King Abdullah I during a visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.  The assassin was angry about Abdullahs land-grab of the Palestinian West Bank. A brief stint by Abdullahs mentally unstable son, Talal, was followed by the ascension of Abdullahs 18-year-old grandson to the throne in 1953.  The new king, Hussein, embarked on an experiment with liberalism, with a new constitution that guaranteed freedoms of speech, the press, and assembly.   In May of 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense treaty with Egypt.  One month later, Israel obliterated the Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi, and Jordanian militaries in the Six-Day War, and took the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan.  A second, larger wave of Palestinian refugees rushed into Jordan.  Soon, Palestinian militants (fedayeen) began causing trouble for their host-country, even highjacking three international flights and forcing them to land in Jordan.  In September of 1970, the Jordanian military launched an attack on the fedayeen; Syrian tanks invaded northern Jordan in support of the militants.  In July  1971, the Jordanians defeated the Syrians and fedayeen, driving them across the border. Just two years later, Jordan sent an army brigade to Syria to help fend off the Israeli counteroffensive in the Yom Kippur War (Ramadan War) of 1973.  Jordan itself was not a target during that conflict.  In 1988, Jordan formally gave up its claim to the West Bank, and also announced its support for the Palestinians in their First Intifada against Israel. During the First Gulf War (1990 - 1991), Jordan supported Saddam Hussein, which caused a break-down of US/Jordanian relations.  The US withdrew aid from Jordan, causing economic distress.  To get back in international good graces, in 1994 Jordan signed a peace treaty with Israel, ending almost 50 years of declared war. In 1999, King Hussein died of lymphatic cancer  and was succeeded by his eldest son, who became King Abdullah II.  Under Abdullah, Jordan has followed a policy of non-entanglement with its volatile neighbors  and endured further influxes of refugees.

Billie Holiday Biography Free Essays

Billie Holiday (born Eleanora Harris (1915–1959) was an African American jazz singer and songwriter. Her singing style, strongly inspired by jazz musicians, lead to a new way of using word choice and rhythm. A critic named John Bush once wrote that Holiday â€Å"changed the art of American pop vocals forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Billie Holiday Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now † She only co-wrote a few songs, but a number of them have become jazz standards that many musicians strive to live up to. Some of these standards were set by songs of hers such as â€Å"God Bless the Child†, â€Å"Don’t Explain†, â€Å"Fine and Mellow†, and â€Å"Lady Sings the Blues†. She also became famous for singing â€Å"Easy Living†, â€Å"Good Morning Heartache†, and â€Å"Strange Fruit†, a protest song  which became one of her standards and was made famous with her 1939 recording. In Harlem she started singing in various night clubs. Holiday took her professional pen name from  Billie Dove, an actress she admired, and the musician Clarence Holiday, thus was born â€Å"Billie Holiday†. The producer  John Hammond arranged for Holiday to make her recording debut, at age 18, in November 1933 with Benny Goodman, singing two songs: â€Å"Your Mother’s Son-In-Law† and â€Å"Riffin’ the Scotch. † The latter being her first big hit. â€Å"Son-in-Law† sold 300 records,  but â€Å"Riffin’ the Scotch,† sold 5,000 records. Hammond was very impressed by Holiday’s vocalization style. He said of Holiday that, â€Å"Her singing almost changed my music tastes and my musical life; because she was the first girl singer I’d come across who actually sang like an improvising jazz genius. Hammond compared Holiday positively to Armstrong and said she had a good sense of lyrics at her young age. In early 1959 Holiday found out that she had  cirrhosis of the liver. The doctor told her to stop drinking, which she did for a short time, but soon returned to heavy drinking. Some of her friends tried to get her to check into a hospital, but she did not go. On May 31, 1959, Holiday was forcibly taken to Metropolitan Hospital in New York suffering from  liver  and  heart disease. She was arrested for having drugs with her as she lay dying, and her hospital room was invaded by the police. Police officers were stationed at the door to her room because of her drugs. Holiday remained under police guard at the hospital until she died from  pulmonary edema  and  heart failure caused by cirrhosis of the liver on July 17, 1959. In the final years of her life, she had been gradually tricked out of her earnings because of her drug and alcohol addictions. She died with seventy cents in the bank and seven-hundred fifty dollar tabloid fee. How to cite Billie Holiday Biography, Papers

The Westward Expansion an Example of the Topic History Essays by

The Westward Expansion The first British colonialists first arrived in Virginia in the 17th century. They were amazed by vastness of America. They saw a lot of potentials with the unexplored land. Throughout the succeeding centuries by means of procurements and treaties, the United States would expand from the Atlantic region to the pacific region (Westward Expansion, 2007). They use the mountains and rivers as a demarcation for American territories. The British expansion in the 1800s through the Appalachians was opposed by the Native American Indians. To protect the British territory in America, the Proclamation of 1763 was issued to protect the lands of the American colonies in these areas (Westward Expansion, 2007). Need essay sample on "The Westward Expansion" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed However, when the American War for Independence took place, the name for these lands where changed. England agreed to surrender its land west of Mississippi to the New American nation through the Treaty of Paris in 1783 (Westward Expansion, 2007). Going to the West meant moving past the Appalachian Mountains where most Native Americans were located these include the Cherokees, Chickasaws and the Choctaws. The early settlers were not yet interested in the acquisition of California and the Rocky Mountains in that period (Westward Expansion, 2007). Students Often Tell EssayLab writers: Who wants to write paper for me? Essay writers recommend: Place your order at EssayLab Some American territories were still under France, Russia, Spain and Britain when Thomas Jefferson became the third president of the new American nation. Jefferson wants to get a hold of New Orleans which was controlled by France because of its proximity to Mississippi. The trade and commerce of the new American nation was also affected through its route going to Canada and Mexico (Westward Expansion, 2007) It was a tumultuous time for Napoleon in that period where he wanted to gain more control of the French colonies in America. Napoleon engaged in many battles. He lost a great number of soldiers while fighting in a slave revolt in Haiti. France was also in conflict with Britain. Thus, the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 came into being (Westward Expansion, 2007). Thomas Jefferson asked Merriweather Lewis and Lewis Clark who were both in the army to look at the possibility of expanding the American nation from Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. They saw that there is a great promise in these regions (Westward Expansion, 2007). In 1817-1825, the political climate in the American nation is termed as an Era of Good Feelings under James Monroe. There was a decline of partisan politics. The Democratic and Republican parties emerge in victory over the Federalist Party. James Monroe also sponsored the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 which stated that America should be free from European rule and meddling with the affairs of the states (MacroHistory, 2003). In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected as president of the United States. Jackson was the founding-father of democracy. In the same year, voter turn-out was remarkable. As a member of the Union, Vermont was permitted to vote. Tennessee has allowed its taxpayers to exercise their freedom to take part in the election. In 1830, the Congress enacted the Indian Removal Act which gave the President the power to enter into treaties that exchanged Indian tribal lands of the eastern states for lands in the Mississippi River (Smith) An Indian territory was instituted in the eastern part of Oklahoma. In Jacksons term, thousands of lands were taken away from the Native Americans as a result of these treaties. One of the main examples of these treaties was the Treaty of Echota of 1835, which expelled the Cherokees in their own lands (MacroHistory, 2003). Through laws enacted by the U.S. government, westward expansion moved through the western part of the region past the border line. The first settlement in Kentucky was pioneered by Daniel Boone. This was ensued by the settlement of the hunters and trappers who did business with the Native Americans. These hunters traded furs and assisted new settlers to California, Oregon and Utah. The Americans did not have an issue with regards to expanding their territories particularly in California, Texas and Oregon. Western expansion was justified through the principle behind the Manifest Destiny (Smith, 1980, 353). The War between the U.S. and Mexico broke out in 1846. Mexico lost the battle against the U.S. and with the Treaty of Hidalgo, California, New Mexico and Texas became a part of the U.S. territory. These territories would eventually become the center of regional conflicts over the growth of slavery (MacroHistory, 2003) During the era of expansionism, various events had taken place such as the enactment of the Homestead Act which gave the settlers 65 hectares of land to till for a minimum amount; the Oregon Territory was established, the Texas Revolution transpired, the Mormon settlement to Utah (1846-1847), the California Gold Rush (1849), the Colorado Gold Rush and the construction of the first railroad in 1869 (MacroHistory, 2003). In retrospect, the western expansion is one of the many causes of Civil War. The expansion of the U.S. westward posted a problem for the Southern states for the balance of power in the Senate because California was seen as a free state. The South begins to withdraw from the Union. The issue of slavery became a widely debated topic. The South does not want to give up slavery (MacroHistory, 2003). As the railroad was completed in 1860, isolationism became both the domestic policy and philosophy of the United States. The country is independent of other countries in terms of trade and industry because they can now supply their own economic demands (MacroHistory, 2003) Foreign policy was handled with great care. Differences with other nations were reportedly settled amicably (MacroHistory, 2003). The economy of the Northern part of America during the Civil War expanded as a result of various industries in the 1840s. The former confederate states economy declined. The population of the country also increased from 31 million (1860) to 38 million people (1870). This is the result of settling of the new immigrants from Europe (MacroHistory, 2003). The economic expansion was termed as the railroad boom which was funded by the U.S. government. Through the construction of the transcontinental railroad, trading was made easier between the eastern and the western states. Commodities such as artificial ice and canned goods were being delivered through railways from California to the east then Europe (MacroHistory, 2003). Works Cited MacroHistory: A Prehistory to Yesterday. Inside the United States, 1865-1900. 2003. Smith, Page. The Shaping of America, a Peoples History of the Young Republic. New York: McGraw Hill, 1980.